Courses

• AER307: Aerodynamics

  Review of fundamentals of fluid dynamics, potential-flow, Euler, and
  Navier-Stokes equations; incompressible flow over airfoils,
  incompressible flow over finite wings; compressibility effects; subsonic
  compressible flow over airfoils; supersonic flow; viscous flow; laminar
  layers and turbulent boundary layers and unsteady aerodynamics.

  Pre-requisites: none

• AER334: Numerical Methods I

  This introductory course to numerical methods includes the following
  topics: polynomial interpolation, numerical integration, solution of
  linear systems of equations, least squares fitting, solution of nonlinear equations, numerical differentiation, solution of ordinary differential equations, and solution of partial differential equations. Tutorial assignments using the C programming language focus on
  engineering applications relevant to the background of students taking
  the course.

  Pre-requisites: none

• AER525: Robotics

  The course addresses fundamentals of analytical robotics as well as
  design and control of industrial robots and their instrumentation.
  Topics include forward, inverse, and differential kinematics, screw
  representation, statics, inverse and forward dynamics, motion and
  force control of robot manipulators, actuation schemes, task-based
  and workspace design, mobile manipulation, and sensors and
  instrumentation in robotic systems. A series of experiments in the
  Robotics Laboratory will illustrate the course subjects.

  Pre-requisites: none

• APS106: Fundamentals of Computer Programming

  An introduction to computer systems and software. Topics include the
  representation of information, algorithms, programming languages,
  operating systems and software engineering. Emphasis is on the
  design of algorithms and their implementation in software. Students
  will develop a competency in the C programming language and will be
  introduced to the C++ programming language. Laboratory exercises
  will explore the concepts of both Structure-based and Object-Oriented
  programming using examples drawn from mathematics and engineering applications.

  Pre-requisites: none

• APS111: Engineering Strategies and Practice I

  This course introduces and provides a framework for the design
  process. Students are introduced to communication as an integral component of engineering practice. The course is a vehicle for
  understanding problem solving and developing communications skills.
  This first course in the two Engineering Strategies and Practice
  course sequence introduces students to the process of engineering
  design, to strategies for successful team work, and to design for
  human factors, society and the environment. Students write team and
  individual technical reports and give presentations within a discussion
  group.

  Pre-requisites: none

• APS112: Engineering Strategies and Practice II

  This course introduces and provides a framework for the design
  process, problem solving and project management. Students are
  introduced to communication as an integral component of engineering
  practice. The course is a vehicle for practicing team skills and
  developing communications skills. Building on the first course, this
  second course in the two Engineering Strategies and Practice course
  sequence introduces students to project management and to the
  design process in greater depth. Students work in teams on a term
  length design project. Students will write a series of technical reports
  and give a team based design project presentation.

  Pre-requisites: none

• APS150: Ethics in Engineering

  An introduction to professional ethics and the Academic Code of
  Conduct. Topics include: the theory of ethics, professional code of
  ethics, ethics in the profession, proper use of intellectual property in
  the professional and in academic settings, plagiarism, the Academic
  Code of Conduct, and application of ethics in practice.

  Pre-requisites: none

• CHE353: Engineering Biology

  Using a quantitative, problem solving approach, this course will
  introduce basic concepts in cell biology and physiology. Various
  engineering modeling tools will be used to investigate aspects of cell
  growth and metabolism, transport across cell membranes, protein
  structure, homeostasis, nerve conduction and mechanical forces in
  biology.

  Pre-requisites: none

• CHE354: Cellular and Molecular Biology

  This course will cover the principles of molecular and cellular biology
  as they apply to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Topics will
  include: metabolic conversion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids;
  nucleic acids; enzymology; structure and function relationships within
  cells; and motility and growth. Genetic analysis,
  immunohistochemistry, hybridomis, cloning, recombinant DNA and
  biotechnology will also be covered. This course will appeal to
  students interested in environmental microbiology, biomaterials and
  tissue engineering, and bioprocesses.

  Pre-requisites: CHE353

• CIV100: Mechanics

  The principles of statics are applied to composition and resolution of
  forces, moments and couples. The equilibrium states of structures are
  examined. Throughout, the free body diagram concept is emphasized.
  Vector algebra is used where it is most useful, and stress blocks are
  introduced. Shear force diagrams, bending moment diagrams and
  stress-strain relationships for materials are discussed. Stress and
  deformation in axially loaded members and flexural members (beams)
  are also covered.

  Pre-requisites: none

• CIV220: Urban Engineering Ecology

  Core Course in the Environmental Engineering Minor Basic concepts
  of ecology within the context of urban environments. Response of
  organisms, populations, dynamic predator-prey and competition
  processes, and ecosystems to human activities. Thermodynamic
  basis for food chains, energy flow, biodiversity and ecosystem
  stability. Biogeochemical cycles, habitat fragmentation and
  bioaccumulation. Introduction to industrial ecology and life cycle
  assessment principles. Urban metabolism and material flow analysis
  of cities. Response of receiving waters to pollution and introduction towaste water treatment. Emphasis is on identifying the
  environment/engineering interface and minimizing environmental
  impacts.

  Pre-requisites: CHE112

• CIV300: Terrestrial Energy Systems

  Core Course in the Sustainable Energy Minor Various earth systems
  for energy transformation, storage and transport are explored.
  Geological, hydrological, biological, cosmological and oceanographic
  energy systems are considered in the context of the Earth as a
  dynamic system, including the variation of solar energy received by
  the planet and the redistribution of this energy through various
  radiative, latent and sensible heat transfer mechanisms. It considers
  the energy redistribution role of large scale atmospheric systems, of
  warm and cold ocean currents, the role of the polar regions, and the
  functioning of various hydrological systems. The contribution and
  influence of tectonic systems on the surface systems is briefly
  introduced, as well the important role of energy storage processes in
  physical and biological systems, including the accumulation of fossil
  fuel reserves.

  Pre-requisites: none

• CIV440: Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment

  Core Course in the Environmental Engineering Minor. The process
  and techniques for assessing and managing the impacts on and risks
  to humans and the ecosystem associated with engineered facilities,
  processes and products. Both biophysical and social impacts are
  addressed. Topics include: environmental assessment processes;
  environmental legislation; techniques for assessing impacts;
  engineering risk analysis; health risk assessment; risk management
  and communication; social impact assessment; cumulative impacts;
  environmental management systems; the process of considering
  alternative methods for preventing and controlling impacts; and
  stakeholder involvement and public participation. Examples are drawn
  from various engineering activities and facilities such as energy
  production, chemical production, treatment plants, highways and
  landfills.

  Pre-requisites: none

• ECE110: Electrical Fundamentals

  A simplified overview of the physics of electricity and magnetism:
  Coulomb's law, Gauss' law, Ampere's law, Faraday's law. Physics of
  capacitors, resistors, and inductors. An introduction to circuit analysis: resistive circuits, nodal and mesh analysis, network theorems. Natural and forced response of RL and RC circuits. Sinusoidal steady-state analysis and power in AC circuits.

  Pre-requisites: none

• ECE344: Operating Systems

  Operating system structures, concurrency, synchronization, deadlock,
  CPU scheduling, memory management, file systems. The laboratory
  exercises will require implementation of part of an operating system.

  Pre-requisites: ECE244 and ECE243

• MAT186: Calculus I

  Limits, differentiation, maximum and minimum problems, definite and
  indefinite integrals, application of integration in geometry, mechanics,
  and other engineering problems.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MAT187: Calculus II

  Techniques of integration, introduction to differential equations, vector differentiation, partial differentiation, series. Application to mechanics and other engineering problems.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MAT188: Linear Algebra

  Systems of linear equations; matrices; determinants; vectors, lines
  and planes in 3 dimensions; Rn; vector spaces; eigenvalues and
  eigenvectors; introduction to products; applications.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MAT234: Differential Equations

  Ordinary differential equations. Classification. Equations of first order and first degree. Linear equations of order n. Equations of second
  order. Bessel’s equation. Legendre’s equation. Series solutions.
  Systems of simultaneous equations. Partial differential equations.
  Classification of types. The diffusion equation. Laplace’s equation.
  The wave equation. Solution by separation of variables.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE100: Dynamics

  This course on Newtonian mechanics considers the interactions which influence 2-D, curvilinear motion. These interactions are described in terms of the concepts of force, work, momentum and energy. Initially the focus is on the kinematics and kinetics of particles. Then, the kinematics and kinetics of systems of particles and solid bodies are examined. Finally, simple harmonic motion is discussed. The occurrence of dynamic motion in natural systems, such as planetary motion, is emphasized. Applications to engineered systems are also introduced.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE191: Seminar Course: Introduction to Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

  This is a seminar series that will preview the core fields in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. Each seminar will be given by a professional in one of the major areas in MIE. The format will vary and may include application examples, challenges, case studies, career opportunities, etc. The purpose of the seminar series is to provide first year students with some understanding of the various options within the Department to enable them to make educated choices for second year. This course will be offered on a credit/no credit basis. Students who receive no credit for this course must re-take it in their 2S session. Students who have not received credit for this course at the end of their 2S session will not be permitted to register in session 3F.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE201: Essays in Technology and Culture

  This course explores the relationship between changing technologies and cultural representations and teaches a methodology that bridges the world of the artist and the world of the engineer. It enables engineers to explore how the analysis of art has been used in the discussion of the social impacts of technological innovation and to use these methods as they develop new skills in essayistic argument and increase critical vocabulary.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE210: Thermodynamics

  This is a basic course in engineering thermodynamics. Topics covered include: properties and behaviour of pure substances; equation of states for ideal and real gases; compressibility factor; first and second laws of thermodynamics; control mass and control volume analyses; applications of first and second laws of thermodynamics to closed systems, open systems and simple thermal cycles.

  Pre-requisites: MAT186H1 F

• MIE221: Manufacturing Engineering

  Production Fundamentals: Metal casting; metal forming - rolling, forging, extrusion and drawing, and sheet-metal forming; plastic/ceramic/glass forming; metal removal - turning, drilling/ boring/reaming, milling, and grinding; non-traditional machining - ECM, EDM and laser cutting; welding; surface treatment; metrology. Environmental issues in manufacturing processes, recycling of materials. Automation Fundamentals: Automation in material processing and handling - NC, robotics and automatically-guided vehicles; flexible manufacturing - group technology, cellular manufacturing and FMS; and computer-aided design - geometric modelling, computer graphics, concurrent engineering and rapid prototyping.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE222: Mechanics of Solids I

  Design of mechanical joints. Elasto-plastic torsion of circular sections. Elasto-plastic bending of beams. Residual stresses, shearing stresses in beams, analysis of plane stress and plant strain problems. Pressure vessels, design of members of strength criteria, deflection of beams. Statistically indeterminate problems.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE230: Engineering Analysis

  Multivariate integration with application to calculation of volumes, centroids and moments. Vector calculus. Divergence, curl and gradient operators. Green´s theorem. Gauss´ theorem. Stokes´ theorem. Integral transforms. Laplace transforms and Fourier series, integral and transform.

  Pre-requisites: MAT186H1 F, MAT187H1 S

• MIE231: Probability and Statistics with Engineering Applications

  Use of data in engineering decision processes. Elements of probability theory. Discrete and continuous random variables. Standard distributions: binomial, Poisson, hypergeometric, exponential, normal etc. Expectation and variance. Random sampling and parameter estimation. Confidence intervals. Hypothesis testing. Goodness-of-fit tests. Regression and correlation. Statistical Process Control and quality assurance. Engineering applications in manufacturing, instrumentation and process control.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE236: Probability

  Introduction to probability (Sample space, sets, counting, independence, conditioning, Bayes´ Theorem); Discrete random variables (Probability mass functions, expectation and variance, multiple random variables, functions of random variables, sums of random variable, convolution, moment-generating functions, covariance, correlation, multivariate normal) Continuous random variables (Probability density functions, expectation/variance, multiple random variables); Limit theorems (Central limit theorem, Laws of large numbers, convergence, Chebyshev/Markov inequality).

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE237: Statistics

  Design and analysis of experiments, randomization and confounding, fixed and random effects models, analysis of experiments with several factors, model building, Latin square designs, 2k factorial experiments and fractions, linear regression and correlation analysis, residual analysis and the lack-of-fit test.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F/MIE236H1 F or equivalent

• MIE240: Human Centred Systems Design

  Introduction to principles, methods, and tools for the analysis, design and evaluation of human-centered systems. Consideration of impacts of human physical, physiological, perceptual, and cognitive factors on the design and use of engineered systems. Basic concepts of anthropometrics, work-related hazards, shiftwork, workload, human error and reliability, and human factors standards. The human-centered systems design process, including task analysis, user requirements generation, prototyping, and usability evaluation. Design of work/rest schedules, procedures, displays and controls, and training systems; design for error prevention and human-computer interaction; design for aging populations.

  Pre-requisites: MIE242H1 F recommended

• MIE242: Psychology for Engineers

  Introduction to neuroanatomy and processes that are core to perception, cognition, language, decision making, and action. Use of experiments to test hypotheses concerning brain activities and computations. Conducting and reporting experimental research, including satisfaction of research ethics requirements.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE250: Fundamentals of Object Oriented Programming

  Introduction to object-oriented programming using the Java programming language with heavy emphasis on practical application; variable types; console and file input/output; arithmetic; logical expressions; control structures; arrays; modularity; functions; classes and objects; access modifiers; inheritance; polymorphism.

  Pre-requisites: APS105/APS106 or equivalent

• MIE253: Data Modelling

  This course provides an understanding of the principles and techniques of information modelling and data management, covering both relational theory and SQL database systems (DBMS), as well as entity-relation conceptual modelling. The course also familiarizes the student with analytical applications (OLAP) and provides an introduction to XML data modelling. The laboratory focuses on database application development using SQL DBMS, OLAP queries and entity-relation data modelling.

  Pre-requisites: APS105H1 S or equivalent, MIE235H1 F or permission from instructor

• MIE258: Engineering Economics and Accounting

  This course focuses on the engineering economic and accounting concepts needed in the design of industrial engineering systems. They include time value of money, evaluation of cash flows, cost and managerial accounting concepts, defining alternatives, acceptance criteria, replacement analysis, depreciation and income tax, sensitivity and decision analysis, buy or lease, make or buy, production functions and relationship to cost functions.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F or equivalent

• MIE262: Operational Research I: Deterministic OR

  Introduction to deterministic operations research. Formulations of mathematical models to improve decision making; linear and integer programming; the simplex method; the revised simplex method; branch-and-bound methods; sensitivity analysis; duality; network models; network simplex method; Dijkstra´s algorithm; basic graph theory; deterministic and probabilistic dynamic programming.

  Pre-requisites: MAT186F, MAT188F

• MIE263: Operations Research II: Stochastic OR

  Modeling and analysis of systems subject to uncertainty using probabilistic methods. Introduction to decision analysis. Derivation and application of Bernoulli and Poisson processes, Markov chains, and queuing models. Stochastic optimization and extensions. Applications to engineering, games of chance, health care, and management.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F or MIE236H1 F

• MIE297: Foundations of Design Portfolio

  Students will assemble a short design portfolio with items drawn from engineering courses and extra-curricular experience. The portfolio will demonstrate an understanding and application of basic principles of engineering design through a showcase of the student´s best work. The portfolio will further demonstrate competence in written and oral communication through a brief summary of each item and an introduction to the portfolio. Students whose communication work is not up to standard will be provided with opportunities for remediation. The course will be offered on a credit/no credit basis; students who receive no credit must retake the course in year 3.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE301: Kinematics and Dynamics of Machines

  Classifications of mechanisms, velocity, acceleration and force analysis, graphical and computer-oriented methods, balancing, flywheels, gears, geartrains, cams. Introduction to Lagrangian Dynamics: Lagrange´s equations of motion, Hamilton´s equations, Hamilton´s principle.

  Pre-requisites: MIE100H1 S

• MIE303: Mechanical and Thermal Energy Conversion Processes

  Engineering applications of thermodynamics in the analysis and design of heat engines and other thermal energy conversion processes within an environmental framework; Steam power plants, gas cycles in internal combustion engines, gas turbines and jet engines. Fossil fuel combustion, Alternative fuel combustions, fusion processes and introduction to advanced systems of fuel cells.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE312: Fluid Mechanics I

  Fluid statics, pressure measurement, forces on surfaces. Kinematics of flow, velocity field, streamlines. Conservation of mass. Fluid dynamics, momentum analysis, Euler and Bernoulli equations. Energy and head lines. Laminar flow. Flow at high Reynolds numbers, turbulence, the Moody diagram. External flows. Boundary layers. Lift and drag. Flow separation.

  Pre-requisites: MIE100H1 S, MAT234H1 S, MIE210H1 S

• MIE313: Heat and Mass Transfer

  Exact and numerical analysis of steady and transient conduction in solids. Solutions of one-dimensional and multidimensional systems. Principles of convection and solutions under laminar and turbulent flow over flat plates and inside and over pipes. Free convection. Thermal radiation between multiple black and grey surfaces.

  Pre-requisites: MAT234H1 S, MIE210H1 S, MIE230H1 F, MIE312H1 F or equivalent

• MIE315: Design for the Environment

  (1) Industrial growth and the environment, Industrial Ecology; (2) Life Cycle Assessment, inventory and impact analysis; (3) Design for the environment, recycling, pollution prevention, energy conservation, waste treatment; (4) Pollution control of air, water and soil.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE320: Mechanics of Solids II

  Three-dimensional stress transformation, strain energy, energy methods, finite element method, asymmetric and curved beams, superposition of beam solutions, beams on elastic foundations, plate bending, buckling, fracture mechanics, impact.

  Pre-requisites: MIE222H1 S

• MIE331: Physiological Control Systems

  The purpose of this course is to provide undergraduate engineering students with an introduction to physiological concepts and selected physiological control systems present in the human body. Due to the scope and complexity of this field, this course will not cover all physiological control systems but rather a selected few such as the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and endocrine control systems. This course will also provide an introduction to the structures and mechanisms responsible for the proper functioning of these systems. This course will combine linear control theory, physiology, and neuroscience with the objective of explaining how these complex systems operate in a healthy human body. The first part of the course will provide an introduction into physiology and give an overview of the main physiological systems. The second part of the course will focus on the endocrine system and its subsystems, including glucose regulation, thyroid metabolic hormones, and the menstrual cycle. The third part of the course will include discussion on the cardiovascular system and related aspects such as cardiac output, venous return, control of blood flow by the tissues, and nervous regulation of circulation. The fourth and final section of the course will focus on the central nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, proprioception, kinaesthetic, and control of voluntary motion.

  Pre-requisites: CHE353H1F

• MIE333: Engineering Physics

  This course includes introduction to oscillations leading to periodic wave phenomena of importance to modern engineering methods and instrumentation design, specifically transverse and longitudinal waves, sound, resonance, interference, Doppler effects and phenomena encountered in supersonic speeds. Elementary quantum mechanics is introduced to extend concepts of wave theory to photons and matter waves, with a view to understanding advanced modern materials and devices/ instruments encountered at the forefront of engineering practice, specifically properties of nanomaterials, the principles of operation of electronic, magnetic resonance and X-ray microscopes, and laser operation and the nature of laser light.

  Pre-requisites: MAT186H1 F /MAT187H1 S

• MIE335: Algorithms & Numerical Methods

  Numerical linear algebra, solution techniques for linear and non-linear systems of equations. The conditioning and stability of linear systems. Matrix factorization, LU and Cholesky factorization, factorization in the revised simplex method. Newton´s method, the minimum norm problem and applications. Algorithmic analysis, big-O asymptotic analysis. Matching algorithms: Gale-Shapely method. Greedy methods for combinatorial optimization. Graph theory and graph theoretic algorithms. Branch and bound search methods.

  Pre-requisites: MIE262

• MIE341: Computer Aided Design I

  This course presents modeling techniques commonly used in mechanical design and the analysis of structural systems. Students will be exposed to state of the art software packages of computer 3-D graphics and solid modeling, mechanism analysis, fluid flow, and finite element analysis. Several case studies are introduced. Emphasis is placed on gaining practical skills in solving realistic design problems through illustrating applied examples. Course work includes design laboratories and comprehensive design projects.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE342: Circuits with Applications to Mechanical Engineering Systems

  This course presents analysis of complex circuits and application of circuit principles to design circuits for mechanical engineering systems. Discussions will centre around circuits and instrumentation. In-depth discussions will be given on a number of topics: (1) Mechatronics design applications of circuit principles; (2) Network theorems, node-voltage, mesh-current method, ThŽvenin equivalents; (3) Operational amplifier circuits; (4) 1st and 2nd order circuits; (5) Laplace transform, frequency response; (6) Passive and active filter design (low- and high-pass filters, bandpass and bandreject filters); (7) Interface/readout circuits for mechanical engineering systems, sensors, instrumentation; (8) Inductance, transformers, DC/AC machines; (9) Digital circuit and data sampling introduction.

  Pre-requisites: MAT186H1 F, MAT187H1 S

• MIE343: Industrial Ergonomics and the Workplace

  The Biology of Work: anatomical and physiological factors underlying the design of equipment and work places. Biomechanical factors governing physical workload and motor performance. Circadian rhythms and shift work. Measurement and specification of heat, light, and sound with respect to design of the work environment.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F

• MIE344: Ergonomic Design of Information Systems

  The goal of this course is to provide an understanding of how humans and machines can be integrated with information systems. The focus will be on the design of human-machine interfaces, and on the analysis of the impact of computers on people. The course will also include coverage of usability engineering and rapid prototyping design, analysis of user mental models and their compatibility with design models, and quantitative modelling of human-computer interaction.

  Pre-requisites: MIE240H1 F or permission of the instructor

• MIE345: Case Studies in Ergonomics

  A detailed analysis will be made of several cases in which human factors methods have been applied to improve the efficiency with which human-machine systems operate. Examples will be chosen both from the area of basic ergonomics and from high technology. Emphasis will be placed on the practical use of material learned in earlier human factors courses.

  Pre-requisites: MIE240H1 F

• MIE346: Analog and Digital Electronics for Mechatronics

  A study of the fundamental behaviour of the major semiconductor devices (diodes, bipolar junction transistors and field effect transistors). Development of analysis and design methods for basic analog and digital electronic circuits and devices using analytical, computer and laboratory tools. Application of electronic circuits to instrumentation and mechatronic systems.

  Pre-requisites: MIE230H1 F, MAT234H1 S, MIE342H1 F

• MIE350: Design and Analysis of Information Systems

  Provides students with an understanding of the methods of information system analysis and design. These include methods for determining and documenting an organization´s structure (FDD), activities, behaviours and information flows (DFDs, decision tables and trees, network diagrams, etc); model acquisition (data repositories), verification and validation. Methods such as SADT, RAD and prototyping will be covered . Students will acquire a working knowledge of various frameworks for analysis (e.g., information technology categories, system and application classifications, decision types, data vs information). Throughout the course, emphasis is placed on the importance of systems thinking and organizational culture in the analysis and design process. In the laboratory, students will use a CASE-based computer program (Visible Analyst) for the analysis and design of information systems for selected organizations. Students will be asked to work in teams to create a web-based information site and to document and present their development progress through the use of a structured project log.

  Pre-requisites: APS105H1 S, MIE253H1 S

• MIE354: Business Process Engineering

  This course focuses on understanding multiple perspectives for grouping, assessing, designing and implementing appropriately integrated and distributed information systems to support enterprise objectives. The emphasis is on understanding how Business Process Management techniques and tools can contribute to align an organization´s business and information technology perspectives, as well as the characteristics of application and system types and the implications for their design, operation and support of information needs, including those associated with different platforms and technology infrastructure e.g., legacy systems, client/server, the Internet and World Wide Web including the emergence of a web-service-based service oriented architecture. Students will work in the laboratory to develop business processes that can be specified and executed by information systems supporting BPEL, a widely supported standard for describing web-service-based business process.

  Pre-requisites: MIE253H1 S or permission of the instructor

• MIE360: Systems Modelling and Simulation

  Definition of models in terms of procedural behaviours, both discrete and continuous, deterministic and stochastic, with an emphasis on stochastic, dynamic simulation models. Simulation languages and simulators, generating random variables. Verification and validation of models, analysis of input and output data.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F or equivalent

• MIE363: Resource and Production Modelling

  Features of production/service systems and methods of modelling their operation; the material flow, information flow and control systems. Topics include process design, supply chain management, line balancing, material requirements planning, distribution requirements planning, and aggregate production planning. Basic deterministic and probabilistic inventory models will be covered, as well as the application of optimization methods to capacity planning decisions. Emphasis will be placed on the modelling aspects of operations management, as well as the application of analytical approaches in the solution of systems problems.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F, MIE262H1 S or equivalent

• MIE364: Methods of Quality Control and Improvement

  In manufacturing and service industries alike, quality is viewed as an important strategic tool for increasing competitiveness. Continuous quality improvement is a key factor leading to a company´s success. With more emphasis on quality, the cost and the product cycle time are reduced and the communication between producer and customer is improved. The course focuses on the following topics: introduction to quality engineering, TQM, quality standards, supplier-producer relations and quality certification, costs of quality, statistical process control for long and short production runs, process capability analysis and acceptance sampling.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F, MIE237H1 S or equivalent

• MIE365: Operational Research III: Advanced OR

  Design of operations research models to solve a varierty of open-ended problems. Linear programming extensions are presented: goal programming, column generation, Danzig-Wolf decomposition, and interior point solution methods. Non-linear programming solution methods are developed: optimality conditions, quadratic programming and bi-level programming. Solutions to advances stochastic models: stochastic programming, 2-person and n-person game theory, and Markov Decision Processes.

  Pre-requisites: MIE262H1 F, MIE263H1 S

• MIE367: Cases in Operational Research

  This course focuses on the integration of the results from earlier operational research courses and an assessment of the different methods with regard to typical applications. The course is taught using the case method. Students are expected to analyze cases based on real applications on their own, in small groups and during lecture sessions, and solve them using commercial software packages.

  Pre-requisites: MIE263H1F

• MIE380: Ecological Systems

  Basic concepts of ecology and the ecosystem. Particular focus will be on the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems with a special concern with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions. Response of organisms, populations, dynamic predator-prey and competition processes, and ecosystems to human interventions. Thermodynamic basis for food chains, energy flow, biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Introduction to industrial ecology and life cycle assessment principles. Response of receiving land, air and water to pollution. Additional topics include biogeochemical cycles, biogeography, habitat fragmentation and bioaccumulation.

  Pre-requisites: EDV220H1 Exclusion

• MIE397: Design Portfolio

  Students will assemble a comprehensive design portfolio with items drawn from engineering courses and extra-curricular experience. The portfolio will articulate and demonstrate an understanding and application of basic and advanced principles of engineering design through a showcase of the student´s best work. The portfolio shall also anticipate the continued development of design skills through the capstone design courses and reflect on the transition to a career in engineering. The portfolio will demonstrate competence in written and oral communication through a brief summary of each item and an introduction to the portfolio. Students whose communication work is not up to standard will be provided with opportunities for remediation. The course will be offered on a credit/no credit basis; students who receive no credit must retake the course in year 4.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE402: Vibrations

  Fundamental concepts of vibration of mechanical systems. Free vibration single degree of freedom systems. Various types of damping. Forced vibrations. Vibration measuring instruments. Steady state and transient vibrations. Vibration of multi-degree of freedom systems. Vibration isolation. Modal analysis. Lagrange equations and Hamilton´s principle. Vibration of continuous systems. Special topics.

  Pre-requisites: MAT186H1 F, MAT187H1 S, MAT188H1 F, MIE100H1 S, MIE222H1 S

• MIE404: Control Systems I

  Modelling of dynamic systems. Analysis of stability, transient and steady state characteristics of dynamic systems. Characteristics of linear feedback systems. Design of PID control laws using frequency response methods and the root locus technique. Application of control law design tools to control pollutants in internal combustion engines.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE407: Nuclear Engineering I: Reactor Physics and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

  This course covers the basic principles of the neutronic design and analysis of nuclear power reactors. Topics include radioactivity, neutron interactions with matter, the fission chain reaction, nuclear reactors, neutron diffusion and moderation, the critical reactor equation, nuclear reactor fuels, nuclear fuel cycle and economics, nuclear waste management and non-proliferation.

  Pre-requisites: MIE230H1 F or equivalent; CHE468H1 F Exclusion

• MIE408: Nuclear Engineering II: Thermal and Mechanical Design of Nuclear Power Reactors

  This course covers the basic principles of the thermo-mechanical design and analysis of nuclear power reactors. Topics include reactor heat generation and removal, nuclear materials, diffusion of heat in fuel elements, thermal and mechanical stresses in fuel and reactor components, single-phase and two-phase fluid mechanics and heat transport in nuclear reactors, and core thermo-mechanical design.

  Pre-requisites: MIE407H1/MIE222H1, MIE312H1, MIE313H1 or equivalents; CHE468H1 Exclusion

• MIE411: Thermal Energy Conversion

  Engineering applications of thermodynamics in the analysis and design of heat engines and other thermal energy conversion processes within an environmental framework. Steam power plants, gas cycles in internal combustion engines, gas turbines and jet engines. Refrigeration, psychrometry and air conditioning. Fossil fuel combustion and advanced systems includes fuel cells.

  Pre-requisites: MIE210H1 S, MIE313H1 S

• MIE414: Applied Fluid Mechanics

  This course builds upon the material introduced in Fluid Mechanics I and connects it to a wide range of modern technical applications of fluid flow. Applications include the design of pipe and microfluidic networks, transient flow phenomena, compressible flow and shocks, characteristics of pumps, open channel flow and an overview of flow measurement techniques. Lectures are complemented by laboratory experiments on topics such as centrifugal pumps, flow transients and fluid flow in microfluidic chips.

  Pre-requisites: MIE312H1 F

• MIE418: Fluid Mechanics II

  This course covers the physical and mathematical principles underlying some of the fundamental tools in fluid mechanics: Poiseuille´s law, the Moody chart, creeping and inviscid flow approximations, boundary layer theory, and lift/drag coefficients. Emphasis will also be placed on appreciating the explicit (and often implicit) assumptions made. Lectures are complemented by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) laboratory component, covering the basic theory and practical use of CFD. Students will use an educational CFD package (FlowLab) to perform simulations related to topics discussed in the lectures, and solve a fluids engineering design problem.

  Pre-requisites: MIE312H1F or equivalent

• MIE422: Automated Manufacturing

  Introduction to Computer Integrated Manufactuing. Definitions, terminology. Organization of manufacturing systems. Introduction to NC machines. Introduction to robotics. Types of robot motion. Robot kinematics. Jacobians, singularities. Robot motion trajectories. Interpolation, spline fits. Robot joint control. Flexible manufacturing systems, justification. Robot cell design. Group technology. Design of group technology cell. Programmable logic controllers. Limited enrolment.

  Pre-requisites: MIE221H1 or equivalent

• MIE438: Microprocessors and Embedded Microcontrollers

  Review (number systems, CPU architecture, instruction sets and subroutines); Interfacing Memory; Interfacing Techniques; Transistors and TTL/CMOS Logic; Mechanical Switches & LED Displays; Interfacing Analog, A/D & D/A Conversions; Stepper Motors & DC Motors; RISC Technology and Embedded Processors; DAS Systems; Embedded Microcontroller System Design; CPU-based Control.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE439: Biomechanics I

  Introduction to the application of the principles of mechanical engineering - principally solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, and dynamics - to living systems. Topics include cellular mechanics, blood rheology, circulatory mechanics, respiratory mechanics, skeletal mechanics, and locomotion. Applications of these topics to biomimetic and biomechanical design are emphasized through case studies and a major, integrative group project.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE440: Mechanical Design: Theory and Methodology

  This course presents the engineering design process, with emphasis on theory and methodology related to conceptual design. Methods for enhancing creativity during conceptual design include using related and unrelated stimuli during idea generation, design by analogy, particularly biological analogies, and TRIZ/TIPS (theory of inventive problem solving). Design for assembly and design for manufacturing, with emphasis on design for injection molding, die casting and stamping, will be integrated into the various stages of design. Design for other life-cycle concerns, such as remanufacturing, and recycling will be introduced.

  Pre-requisites: MIE341H1S, MIE221H1 S or equivalent

• MIE441: Design Optimization

  Problem definition and formulation for optimization, optimization models, and selected algorithms in optimization. State of the art software packages are introduced along with case studies. Emphasis is placed on gaining practical skills in solving realistic design problems by illustrating applied design examples.

  Pre-requisites: MIE341H1 S & MIE222H1 S or equivalents

• MIE442: Machine Design

  Introduction to the fundamental elements of mechanical design including load determination, failure analysis under static and dynamic loads, surface failure and the selection of engineering materials and manufacturing processes. Consideration is given to the characteristics and selection of machine elements such as bearings, shafts, couplings, gears and fasteners. The laboratory provides experience in reverse engineering and insight into the design and manufacture of common consumer products.

  Pre-requisites: MIE320H1 S

• MIE443: Mechatronics Systems: Design and Integration

  The course aims to raise practical design awareness, provide pertinent project engineering methodology, and generate a know-how core in integration of complex automation. This course has mainly practical content, and is integral and useful in the training and education of those students who plan to be employed in areas related to intelligent automation, as well as to the breadth of knowledge of all others. Although emphasis will be on robotic-based automation (mechatronics), the learning will be useful in all domains of system integration.This course will introduce students to the basics of integration, methodology of design, tools, and team project work. The course will be monitored based on projects from a selected list of topics. The lectures will be in format of tutorials as preparation and discussions on project related issues. A main goal is to bring the methods, means and spirit of the industrial design world to the class room. Emphasis will be on understanding the elements of integration, methodology and approaches, and will involve numerous case studies. Specifically the course will provide a practical step-by-step approach to integration: specifications, conceptual design, analysis, modeling, synthesis, simulation and bread-boarding, prototyping, integration, verification, installation and testing. Issues of project management, market, and economics will be addressed as well. Limited Enrolment.

  Pre-requisites: MIE346H1 S

• MIE444: Mechatronics Principles

  This course provides students with the tools to design, model, analyze and control mechatronic systems (e.g. smart systems comprising electronic, mechanical, fluid and thermal components). This is done through the synergic combination of tools from mechanical and electrical engineering, computer science and information technology to design systems with built-in intelligence. The class provides techniques for the modeling of various system components into a unified approach and tools for the simulation of the performance of these systems. The class also presents the procedures and an analysis of the various components needed to design and control a mechatronic system including sensing, actuating, and I/O interfacing components.

  Pre-requisites: MIE342H1, MIE346H1

• MIE448: Engineering Psychology and Human Performance

  An examination of the relation between behavioural science and the design of human-machine systems, with special attention to advanced control room design. Human limitations on perception, attention, memory and decision making, and the design of displays and intelligent machines to supplement them. The human operator in process control and the supervisory control of automated and robotic systems. Laboratory exercises to introduce techniques of evaluating human performance.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F or equivalent; MIE237H1 S is recommended

• MIE449: Human Computer Interface Design for Complex Systems

  The course will focus primarily, but not exclusively, on how to design computer-based interfaces for complex human-machine systems, such as power plants. An ecological approach will be adopted, pointing to the importance of understanding the structure of the work environment and then trying to present that information in a way that takes advantage of human perceptual systems. Various design techniques for enhancing the informativeness of interfaces will be discussed within the context of several design applications.

  Pre-requisites: MIE240H1 F

• MIE451: Decision Support Systems

  Students are provided with an understanding of the contribution that various types of Decision Support Systems make within an organization. The course will cover decision processes, modeling, data representation and the importance of the user interface. Students will learn DSS design, analysis, integration and implementation. The course will also cover group decision support, executive information systems, enhancing creativity and the future of DSS. Students will construct a DSS using workstation based tools in the information systems laboratory.

  Pre-requisites: MIE253H1 S, MIE350H1 F

• MIE457: Knowledge Modelling and Management

  This course explores both the modelling of knowledge and its management within and among organizations. Knowledge modelling will focus on knowledge types and their semantic representation. It will review emerging representations for knowledge on the World Wide Web (e.g., schemas, RDF). Knowledge management will explore the acquisition, indexing, distribution and evolution of knowledge within and among organizations. Emerging Knowledge Management System software will be used in the laboratory.

  Pre-requisites: MIE253H1 S, MIE350H1F

• MIE459: Organization Design

  Study of design, innovation, change and implementation issues in both new and existing organizations. Consideration will be given to sociotechnical systems design methodology, work teams, reward systems, leadership and union-management relations.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE463: Integrated System Design

  Integrated System Design is a capstone course that integrates the various perspectives of an integrated system taught in third year, including: Optimization, Quality, Management, Information, and Economics. The course approaches systems design from a Business Process perspective. Beginning with the Business Processes, it explores the concept of Business Process Re-engineering. It extends the concept of business processes to incorporate perspectives such as cost, quality, time, behaviour, etc. The second part of the course focuses on business process design tools. Namely, software tools to both design, simulate and analyse business processes. The third part of the course explores the application of process design to various domains. Guest speakers are used to provide domain background.

  Pre-requisites: Fourth-year, Industrial Engineering standing

• MIE464: Smart Materials and Structures

  Smart materials are characterized by new and unique properties that can be altered in response to environmental stimuli. They can be used in a wide range of applications since they can exceed the current abilities of traditional materials especially in environments where conditions are constantly changing. This course is designed to provide an integrated introduction to smart materials and structures, and provide a strong foundation for further studies and research on these materials. Topics include: structure, processing, and properties of smart materials; dependence of properties on structure; processing and design; mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic and optical smart materials systems such as shape memory materials, electrostrictive materials, magnetostrictive materials, active polymers; design, modeling and optimization of smart materials systems using CAD and FEA software packages.

  Pre-requisites: MSE101H1, MSE270H1/MSE235H1, MIE222H1/MSE316H1

• MIE468: Facility Planning

  Fundamentals of developing efficient layouts of various production/service systems. Topics include layout procedures, computerized layout planning, single-facility and multifacility location problems, material-handling systems design for production facilities.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F, MIE262H1 S

• MIE469: Reliability and Maintainability Engineering

  An introduction to the life-cycle costing concept for equipment acquisition, operation, and replacement decision-making. Designing for reliability and determination of optimal maintenance and replacement policies for both capital equipment and components. Topics include: identification of an items failure distribution and reliability function, reliability of series, parallel, and redundant systems design configurations, time-to-repair and maintainability function, age and block replacement policies for components, the economic life model for capital equipment, provisioning of spare parts.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F/MIE258H1 F or equivalent

• MIE488: Entrepreneurship and Business for Engineers

  A complete introduction to small business formation, management and wealth creation. Topics include: the nature of the Entrepreneur and the Canadian business environment; business idea search and Business Plan construction; Buying a business, franchising, taking over a family business; Market research and sources of data; Marketing strategies promotion, pricing, advertising, electronic channels and costing; The sales process and management, distribution channels and global marketing; Accounting, financing and analysis, sources of funding, and financial controls; The people dimension: management styles, recruiting and hiring, legal issues in employment and Human Resources; Legal forms of organization and business formation, taxation, intellectual property protection; the e-Business world and how businesses participate; Managing the business: location and equipping the business, suppliers and purchasing, credit, ethical dealing; Exiting the business and succession, selling out. A full Business Plan will be developed by each student and the top submissions will be entered into a Business Plan competition with significant cash prices for the winners. Examples will be drawn from real business situations including practicing entrepreneurs making presentations and class visits during the term. (Identical courses are offered: ECE488H1F, MSE488H1F, CHE488H1S and CIV488H1S.)

  Pre-requisites: APS234 and APS432 Exclusion

• MIE490: Capstone Design

  An experience in engineering practice through a significant design project whereby student teams meet specific client needs through a creative, iterative, and open-ended design process. The project must include: 1) The application of disciplinary knowledge and skills to conduct engineering analysis and design 2) The demonstration of engineering judgment in integrating economic, health, safety, environmental, social or other pertinent interdisciplinary factors 3) Elements of teamwork, project management and client interaction and 4) A demonstration of proof of the design concept.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE491: Capstone Design

  An experience in engineering practice through a significant design project
  whereby students teams meet specific client needs or the requirements
  of a recognized design competition through a creative, iterative, and
  open-ended design process. The project must include:
  • The application of disciplinary knowledge and skills to conduct
  engineering analysis and design,
  • The demonstration of engineering judgment in integrating economic,
  health, safety, environmental, social or other pertinent interdisciplinary factors,
  • Elements of teamwork, project management and client interaction, and
  • A demonstration of proof of the design concept.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE496H1 or Y1: Thesis

  The purpose of the thesis course is two-fold: to allow students to pursue a technical project of interest, and to improve their communication skills. The course is optional for fourth-year Mechanical students, and can be completed as a one-term or a two-term course. The two-term thesis course is required for fourth-year Industrial students. The grade of the ÒYÓ course which extends over two sessions will be included in the weighted average of the Winter Session only. Students may work individually or in groups, and must obtain a supervisor (a member of the University of Toronto teaching staff). The course comprises written work and oral presentations.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE498 H/Y: Research Thesis

  An opportunity to conduct independent research under the supervision of a faculty member in MIE. Admission to the course requires the approval of a project proposal by the Undergraduate office. The proposal must: 1) Explain how the research project builds upon one or more aspects of engineering science introduced in the student´s academic program, 2) provide an estimate of a level of effort not less than 40 productive hours of work per term, 3) specify a deliverable in each term to be submitted by the last day of lectures 4) be signed by the supervisor, and 5) be received by the Undergraduate Office one week prior to the last add day.

  Pre-requisites: -/-/4/1.00

• MSE101: Introduction to Materials Science

  This is an introductory course in materials science examining the
  fundamentals of atomic structure, the nature of bonding in materials,
  crystal structure and defects, and phase equilibria. These basic
  principles provide the foundation for an exploration of structure property relationships in metals, ceramics, and polymers, with
  emphasis on mechanical properties. The properties of materials then
  form the basis for an introduction to materials selection in design.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MSE270: Materials Science

  Classification of materials. Elasticity and plasticity. Metal structure.
  Point, line and planar defects. Ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. Phase
  transformation in stainless steel. Strengthening mechanisms in alloys.
  Failure analysis and testing. Fatigue, creep, friction and wear.
  Polymers and plastics. Ceramics and their composites. Special
  purpose materials. Brittle fracture in ceramics. Failure mechanisms in
  metal matrix composites. Biomaterials.

  Pre-requisites: MSE101

• MSE330: Introduction to Polymer Engineering

  The basics of polymer synthesis, structure, characterization and
  mechanical properties. Topics include addition and condensation
  polymerization, network polymerization and crosslinking, molecular
  mass distribution and characterization, crystalline and amorphous
  structure, glass transition and crystalline melting, forming and
  additives for commercial plastics, dependence of mechanical
  properties on structure, viscoelasticity, yielding and fracture.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MSE401: Materials Selection in Design II

  The principles necessary for the selection of engineering materials
  suitable for a given application from the full range of materials
  available are developed through a series of case studies. Both the
  material properties and the capabilities of applicable fabrication
  processes are considered to identify the material and process which
  best satisfy the design requirements. Extensive use is made of an
  integrated materials properties and processes database system.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MSE442: Surgical and Dental Implant Design

  Case studies will be used to illustrate approaches for selection of
  biomaterials for fabrication of implants for specific applications in
  medicine and dentistry. Computational modeling for optimizing device
  design and the necessary post-design validation procedures for
  ensuring acceptable device performance will be discussed. Methods
  of manufacture to produce devices of desired form and with required
  in vivo characteristics will be reviewed. Design and fabrication of
  devices designed to be either biodegradable or non-biodegradable
  will be reviewed. The intent of the course is to illustrate the important considerations in material selection and fabrication methods used for producing implants.

  Pre-requisites: MSE440

• MIE1129H: Nuclear Engineering I

  Reactor Physics and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle - This course covers the basic principles of the neutronic design and analysis of nuclear power reactors. Topics include radioactivity, neutron interactions with matter, the fission chain reaction, nuclear reactors, neutron diffusion and moderation, the critical reactor equation, nuclear reactor fuels, nuclear fuel cycle and economics, nuclear waste management and non-proliferation.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE506H1: MEMS Design and Microfabrication

  This course will present the fundamental basis of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Topics will include: micromachining/microfabrication techniques, micro sensing and actuation principles and design, MEMS modeling and simulation, and device characterization and packaging. Students will be required to complete a MEMS design term project, including design modeling, simulation, microfabrication process design, and photolithographic mask layout

  Pre-requisites: MIE222H1S, MIE342H1F

• MIE515H1: Alternative Energy Systems

  This courses covers the basic principles and design of selected alternative energy systems. Systems discussed include solar thermal systems, solar photovoltaic, wind technology, fuel cells, and energy storage.

  Pre-requisites: MIE210H, MIE312H and some knowledge of chemistry, or equivalent courses

• MIE516H1: Combustion and Fuels

  Introduction to combustion theory. Chemical equilibrium and the products of combustion. Combustion kinetics and types of combustion. Pollutant formation. Design of combustion systems for gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. The use of alternative fuels (hydrogen, biofuels, etc.) and their effect on combustion systems.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE517H1: Fuel Cell Systems

  Thermodynamics and electrochemistry of fuel cell operation and testing; understanding of polarization curves and impedance spectroscopy; common fuel cell types, materials, components, and auxiliary systems; high and low temperature fuel cells and their applications in transportation and stationary power generation, including co-generation and combined heat and power systems; engineering system requirements resulting from basic fuel cell properties and characteristics.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE540H1: Product Design

  This course takes a 360° perspective on product design: beginning at the market need, evolving this need into a concept, and optimizing the concept. Students will gain an understanding of the steps involved and the tools utilized in developing new products. The course will integrate both business and engineering concepts seamlessly through examples, case studies and a final project. Some of the business concepts covered include: identifying customer needs, project management and the economics of product design. The engineering design tools include: developing product specifications, concept generation, concept selection, FAST diagrams, orthogonal arrays, full and fractional factorials, noises, interactions, tolerance analysis and latitude studies. Specific emphasis will be placed on robust and tunable technology for product optimization and generating product families. Critical Parameters will be developed using the Voice of the Customer (VOC), FAST diagrams and a House of Quality (HOQ).

  Pre-requisites: MIE231H1 F/MIE236H1 F or equivalent

• MIE561H1: Healthcare Systems

  MIE561 is a “cap-stone” course. Its purpose is to give students an opportunity to integrate the Industrial Engineering tools learned in previous courses by applying them to real world problems. While the specific focus of the case studies used to illustrate the application of Industrial Engineering will be the Canadian health care system, the approach to problem solving adopted in this course will be applicable to any setting. This course will provide a framework for identifying and resolving problems in a complex, unstructured decision-making environment. It will give students the opportunity to apply a problem identification framework through real world case studies. The case studies will involve people from the health care industry bringing current practical problems to the class. Students work in small groups preparing a feasibility study discussing potential approaches. Although the course is directed at Industrial Engineering fourth year and graduate students, it does not assume specific previous knowledge, and the course is open to students in other disciplines.

  Pre-requisites: none

• MIE562H1: Scheduling

  This course takes a practical approach to scheduling problems and solution techniques, motivating the different mathematical definitions of scheduling with real world scheduling systems and problems. Topics covered include: job shop scheduling, timetabling, project scheduling, and the variety of solution approaches including constraint programming, local search, heuristics, and dispatch rules. Also covered will be information engineering aspects of building scheduling systems for real world problems.

  Pre-requisites: MIE262

• MIE566H1: Decision Analysis

  The purpose of this course is to provide a working knowledge of methods of analysis of problems and of decision making in the face of uncertainty. Topics include decision trees, subjective probability assessment, multi-attribute utility approaches, goal programming, Analytic Hierarchy Process and the psychology of decision making.

  Pre-requisites: MIE231/MIE236 or equivalent